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Use of Neonicotinoids in Bees: A Review

Amarpal Singh Bhadauriya, Uzma Manzoor, HS Gaur

Neonicotinoid insecticides are widely used in controlling insect pests in a variety of agricultural crops; however, they not only adversely affect insect pest population but also non-target organisms such as pollinators. This review encapsulate more than 15 years of research on the risk of neonicotinoids to bees including bumble bees, honey bees and solitary bees. The main focus of the paper is on different aspects determining the risks of neonicotinoid concentrations for bees and other pollinator populations; the neonicotinoid residue levels in bees and bee products; the reported side effects with special attention to sub-lethal effects and effect on different biological parameters such as biology, foraging behaviour, queen reproductive success, honey production, effect on morphology etc.